History events
1389 — (13 Heshvan 5150) Pietro Tomacelli was elected Pope — Boniface IX. On April 15, 1402, he issued a bull protecting the Jews of Rome from the authority of the Inquisition (“all Jews and Jewish women residing in the city and staying there with their families shall be considered Roman citizens”), which led to many French Jews, expelled from France in 1394, settling in the city
1831 — (26nd of Cheshvan, 5592) The formal establishment of the congregation that came to be called The Great Synagogue (known in Hebrew as Beth Yisrael — «House of Israel») took place today in Sydney, Australia
1844 — (20 Heshvan 5605) By order of Nicholas I, who had looked into the matter, the additional conscription quota imposed on the Jews of Mstislavl was lifted (on December 29, 1843, the Jews were accused of organizing a brawl with soldiers who were trying to confiscate smuggled goods; for this, the Russian authorities increased the conscription quota for the Jews).
1898 — (17 Heshvan 5659) The second, this time fruitless, meeting between Herzl and Wilhelm. First of all, Herzl had to deliver not the original text of his speech, but a shortened version with amendments by Bülow, who had removed its key political principles. Moreover, the Kaiser’s response to the speech was coldly polite, lacking any trace of the assurances Herzl had received during the audience in Constantinople (see October 18 and October 19). The Emperor remarked at the end that “he would continue to take an interest in the question.” Herzl concludes his diary entry of November 2 about the Jerusalem meeting with Wilhelm: “He said neither yes nor no. It is clear that much has happened in the meantime.” And indeed, it soon became clear that in his conversation with Wilhelm, the Sultan had expressed a sharply negative attitude towards political Zionism. Foreign Minister Bülow also spoke out against Wilhelm’s support for Zionism, due to fears of a hostile reaction from England, France, and Russia.
1900 — (10 Heshvan 5661) Shoah. Emmanuel Ringelblum was born — a Polish historian, educator, and public figure, creator of the Warsaw Ghetto Archive and organizer of the Oneg Shabbat underground group. Oneg Shabbat (Hebrew), or Oynege Shabbos (Yiddish), was a group operating in the Warsaw Ghetto, which included historians, writers, rabbis, and social workers. The group’s task was to document life in the ghetto: collecting documents and testimonies, essays, diaries, drawings, posters, and other materials about the ghetto. The work began in September 1939 and ended in January 1943. Before the ghetto was liquidated, the materials were hidden in three milk cans and ten metal containers in three different locations in the ghetto. Two milk cans were found in 1946, and ten containers — in 1950. The third part of the archive has not yet been found. The two discovered parts contain about 6,000 documents — all of them are now kept at the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw. Ringelblum was shot by the Gestapo on March 10, 1944.
1901 — Alexei Glagolev was born — a Russian Orthodox priest, son of Alexander Glagolev (see January 15, 1872). During the occupation of Kyiv, he rescued and hid Jews. He died on January 23, 1972. In 1992, Yad Vashem recognized him, his wife Tatyana Pavlovna, his son Nikolai, and his daughter Magdalina as Righteous Among the Nations.
1913 — (2 Heshvan 5674) Yishuv. A group that had left the moshava Kinneret established the Kinneret agricultural commune
1917 — (17nd of Cheshvan, 5678) Arthur Balfour, British Secretary for Foreign Affairs, sent Lord Rothschild a letter declaring the government’s sympathy and support for the Zionist cause. Known as the Balfour Declaration, this document helped to supply the legal and international political underpinnings for the nascent Zionist movement
1918 — (27 Heshvan 5679) The Rothschild Hospital building opened in Haifa — the first hospital of the Hadassah network.
1921 — (1 Heshvan 5682) Yishuv. An attempted pogrom in Jerusalem was thwarted by self-defense units. The anniversary of the Balfour Declaration fell on this date, which the Arabs decided to mark with a pogrom. But the Jews were not caught off guard. About 160 self-defense members (Haganah) took up positions in the Old City and in the new neighborhoods in advance, and when the aroused Arab crowd, fresh from Friday prayers, appeared, they were met with gunfire. Still, 5 Jews were killed and 40 wounded, but these were random passersby encountered by the Arabs along the way. The defense forces were commanded by I. Aizik, a former sergeant of the Jewish Battalion. His unit included students from the teachers’ seminary, the Bezalel school, and Sephardic youth from the local area
1922 — (11nd of Cheshvan, 5683) Founding of the moshav Balfouriyyah on the fifth anniversary of the Balfour Declaration
1931 — (22nd of Cheshvan, 5692) Students of Warsaw University launched an attack against their Jewish colleagues which included an attack on first-year Jewish law students who were driven from the University grounds.
1931 — (22 Heshvan 5692) The newspaper Haaretz reported that the planning of a railway line between Haifa and Baghdad had entered its final phase. The project was never implemented.
1941 — (12 Heshvan 5702) Kibbutz Ramat HaShofet was established in the northern region of Israel
1941 — (12nd of Cheshvan, 5702) Нolocaust. The Germans begin the construction of an extermination center at Belzec, Poland
1942 — (22nd of Cheshvan, 5703) Нolocaust. ….. The Nazis begin deportations in the Bialystok region. Reportedly, 3,000 to 6,000 Jews were deported from Siemiatzycze. Hundreds were shot while trying to revolt against the round up. The resistance was led by Herschl Shabbes. Hundreds of Jews managed to escape from the actions. Some Poles helped the Jews hide while others didn’t. Those who were caught assisting a Jew were shot. When the train of Siemiatzycze Jews reached the Treblinka station, one car was heard singing «Hatikvah’. Some of the people were stripped naked in near freezing temperatures, taken to the fields and shot dead. All the rest but 152 of the 3,200 were gassed. As part of the Action in the Bialystok region, hundreds of small towns would be raided, their Jews rounded up for deportation. The total of captured Jews was estimated to be above 100,000. There were too many to be processed immediately. Interim camps were then set up. Eventually most of them would be transported to Treblinka over the next several weeks and months; In the Lithuanian town of Marcinkance, 370 Jews who refuse to board trains for deportation bolt for the ghetto boundaries. In the mêlée that follows, 360 Jews and many guards are killed. Between deaths and successful escapes, not one Jew is left to board the trains; n Zolochev, Ukraine, the chairman of the Jewish Council is murdered by Germans after refusing to sign a paper saying that the liquidation of the ghetto was necessitated by the spread of a typhus epidemic. The poet S. J. Imber, the nephew of the author of Hatikvah is among the 2500 Zolochev Jews deported to Belzec; In Zolochev, Ukraine, the chairman of the Jewish Council is murdered by Germans after refusing to sign a paper saying that the liquidation of the ghetto was necessitated by the spread of a typhus epidemic; 1942: Wolfram Sievers, head of Germany’s Ancestral Heritage Society, requests skeletons of 150 Jews. SS chief Heinrich Himmler approves a plan to establish a collection of Jewish skeletons and skulls at the Strasbourg Anatomical Institute in France, near the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp; The Nazis shipped the Jews of Rujenoy were shipped to Treblinka. Among them was the family of Yitzhak Shamir, who according to the future Prime Minister of Israel, were not able to leave for Palestine when that opportunity was still a possibility because they could not afford the £1,000 fee demanded by the British
1943 — (4th of Cheshvan, 5704) Нolocaust. ….. Nazis liquidated Riga ghetto sending the remaining 1,000 Jews from the Riga Ghetto to Birkenau; The Germans commenced operation «Harvest Festival» — the destruction of the survivors of the Warsaw ghetto uprising who were held captive since April. Within a few days 50,000 Jews would be shot in ditches at Majdanek. At Trawniki, all the Jews were machine-gunned down. Of the 500,000 Warsaw Jews driven away from the ghetto and placed in camps between July 1942 and May 1943 only about three hundred survived; In Genoa, “the hunt for Jews began…when two German police agents entered the office of the Jewish community and forced the custodians, Linda and Bino Polacco, to turn over membership lists and summon members to a meeting at the synagogue the following morning
1945 — (26nd of Cheshvan, 5706) Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Egypt
1945 — (26 Heshvan 5706) Kibbutz Lehavot HaBashan was founded in the Hula Valley, ten kilometers southeast of the town of Kiryat Shmona.
1945 — (26 Heshvan 5706) Kibbutz HaMa’apil was established.
1946 — (8 Heshvan 5707) Kibbutz Neot Mordechai was established in the northern region of Israel
1948 — (30nd of Tishri, 5709) On the anniversary of the Balfour Declaration, the Israeli military cancelled the blackout in West Jerusalem. The city blazed with lights and its citizens crowded the streets and cafes to taste the future they had fought for.
1949 — (10nd of Cheshvan, 5710) Weizmann Institute of Science was dedicated in Rehovot
1955 — (17nd of Cheshvan, 5716) A force of paratroops from the 890th Battalion augmented by a Nahal company attacked the Egyptian emplacements at Sachba while units from the Golani Brigade’s 12th Battalion attacked Egyptian emplacements at Ras-Siram this evening in the start of Operation Volcano
1955 — (17 Heshvan 5716) Ben-Gurion, who had again become Prime Minister, presented to the Knesset the government he had formed, which he began assembling after the parliamentary elections at the end of July. Ben-Gurion, who had returned to politics in February and had served as Minister of Defense, advocated more aggressive action against the Arab states running rampant at the time — Egypt and Syria
1956 — (28nd of Cheshvan, 5717) Sinai Campaign. ….. Israel captured Gaza, Sheham and El Arish (the Egyptian capital of the northern Sinai) during the war with Egypt; Much to everybody’s surprise Israeli tanks came to within ten miles of the Suez Canal. The IDF captured sixty armored cars and forty modern tanks from the retreating Egyptians. These weapons were part of the large mass of modern weapons that the Soviets had supplied Nasser in exchange for Arab support and much of the future Egyptian cotton crop. The weapons were much better than anything the IDF had and would be incorporated into the arsenal of the Israeli military forces; During the Sinai Campaign, the specter of a wider war opened when the Syrian embassy in Washington informed the United States government that Syria had ‘decided to implement immediately’ the joint Egyptian-Syrian defense pact; U.N. Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld informed Israel that the General Assembly had passed a cease fire resolution
1961 — (23 Heshvan 5722) The tenth government of Israel was formed.
1964 — (27 Heshvan 5725) The 16th Chess Olympiad opened in Tel Aviv with the participation of 50 teams. The USSR team won, represented by Petrosian, Botvinnik, Smyslov, Keres, Stein, and Spassky. The Israeli team placed 14th.
1965 — (7 Heshvan 5726) Israel. Elections to the sixth Knesset. The left-wing coalition won, securing 45 seats
1988 — (22nd of Cheshvan, 5749) Yitzchak Shamir led Likud to victory in the Israeli election
2000 — (4 Heshvan 5761) Terror attack. A car bomb exploded at the Mahane Yehuda market in Jerusalem; two killed.
2004 — (18 Heshvan 5765) (or November 1) A third terminal, meeting modern international airport standards, was opened at Ben-Gurion Airport.
2005 — (30 Tishri 5766) Sergeant I. Avron, 20 years old — killed in the village of Mirkah near Jenin during the arrest of a terrorist
2006 — (11nd of Cheshvan, 5767) Following a call by Baruch Marzel, Itamar Ben-Gvir and Hillel Weiss for a holy war against the upcoming Jerusalem Gay Pride Parade, a demonstration today in Meah Shearim led to rioting with “thousands of protestors blocking roads with burning garbage cans
2011 — (5 Heshvan 5772) Israel. A test launch of the «Jericho-3» intercontinental ballistic missile, capable of delivering a nuclear warhead weighing approximately 750 kg over a distance of more than 10,000 kilometers, was conducted at the Palmachim test range.
2023 — (18 Heshvan 5784) At around 10 a.m., east of Tulkarm, near the Beit Lid junction, close to the settlement of Einav, a vehicle with Israeli license plates was fired upon. In the attack, Elhanan Klein, 29, a father of three, was killed. He was returning home on leave after being called up as a reservist.
2023 — (18 Heshvan 5784) War in Gaza. Day twenty-seventh. More details.
2024 — (1 Heshvan 5785) Operation «Northern Arrows.» Fighters from the IDF Naval Special Forces unit «Flotilla 13» abducted a senior Hezbollah member, Imad Fadel Amhaz, in the coastal city of Batroun in northern Lebanon, and transported him to Israel
People
1840 — (6nd of Cheshvan, 5601) Birthdate of Mark Antokolski, the Wilno native who gained famed as a sculptor. Among his early works were «Jewish Tailor», «Nathan The Wise», «Inquisition’s Attack against Jews» and “The Talmudic Debate»
1843 — (9 Heshvan 5604) (Old Style) M. Antokolsky was born — a sculptor. Died July 9, 1902
1897 — Abba Ahimeir was born — a journalist, historian, and political figure, one of the ideologues of Revisionism (a right-wing current in Zionism). Died July 6, 1962
1898 — (17nd of Cheshvan, 5659) William II. of Germany receives a Zionist deputation headed by Dr. Theodor Herzl, at Jerusalem
1901 — Alexei Glagolev was born — an Orthodox priest. During the occupation of Kyiv, he rescued and hid Jews. He died January 23, 1972. In 1992, Yad Vashem recognized him, his wife Tatyana Pavlovna, his son Nikolai, and his daughter Magdalina as Righteous Among the Nations.
1905 — (4 Heshvan 5666) Margot Klauser was born — a pioneer of Israeli cinema
1921 — (1st of Cheshvan, 5682) Rabbi Zalman was among four Jews murdered when Arabs rioted in Jerusalem on the fourth anniversary of the Balfour Declaration injured an addition 20 people
2000 — (6th of Cheshvan, 5761) Ayelet Shahar Levy, 28, and Hanan Levy, 33, were killed and ten others were injured in a car bomb explosion near the Mahane Yehuda market in Jerusalem for which The Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility
2001 — (16th of Cheshvan, 5762) Shoshana Ben Ishai, 16, of Betar Illit and Menashe (Meni) Regev, 14, of Jerusalem were
killed when a Palestinian terrorist opened fire with a sub-machine gun shortly before 16:00 at a No. 25 Egged bus at the French Hill junction in northern Jerusalem. 45 people were injured in the attack
2005 — (30 Tishri 5766) Sergeant I. Avron, 20 years old — killed in the village of Mirkah near Jenin during the arrest of a terrorist.
2023 — (18 Heshvan 5784) At around 10 a.m., east of Tulkarm, near the Beit Lid junction, close to the settlement of Einav, a vehicle with Israeli license plates was fired upon. In the attack, Elhanan Klein, 29, a father of three, was killed. He was returning home on leave after being called up as a reservist. In Gaza, Captain Beni Weiss, 22; Master Sergeant (Reserve) Uriah Mash, 41; Master Sergeant (Reserve) Yonatan Yosef Brand, 28; Master Sergeant (Reserve) Gil Pishitz, 39; and Lieutenant Colonel Salman Habka were killed. 25-year-old reservist Lieutenant Yuval Zilber and Senior Sergeant Yair Nifusi: the latter received a fatal wound on November 1 and died a day later.
2024 — (1 Heshvan 5785) War in Gaza. Day three hundred ninety-three. In battle in the northern sector, fighters of the «Shaked» battalion of the «Givati» brigade — Staff Sergeant Itay Perez, 20, from Petah Tikva, and Staff Sergeant Yair Hanania, 22, from Mitzpe Netofa — were killed, and a soldier of the same battalion was severely wounded