History events
1233 — (21st of Sivan, 4993) Today, for the first time, ….. Jews were ordered to wear distinctive clothing was mandated in Spain. The following year Pope Gregory IX developed guidelines for this, sent in the form of a letter to the King of Navarra: «Since we desire that Jews be recognizable and distinguished from Christians, we order you to impose upon each and every Jew of both sexes a sign, viz, one round patch of yellow cloth of linen to be worn on the uppermost garment.»
1355 — (27st of Sivan, 5115) Attack on the Alcana (smaller Jewry) of Toledo by the enemies of Samuel ha-Levi; 1,200 injured
1365 — (16st of Sivan, 5125) Urban V issued “Sicuti judaeis non debet” a Papal Bull that forbade people from molesting Jews or forcing them to be baptized
1798 — (Sivan 23, 5528) In Pesaro, Italy Jews were murdered following the retreat of the French Army. The day became a fast day
1855 — (21 Sivan 5615) By Russian law, it was decreed that after 20 years, no one could be appointed as a rabbi or teacher of Jewish subjects except those who had completed a course in Jewish rabbinical schools or in general higher or secondary educational institutions. The government wished to place educated rabbis at the head of Jewish communities, and for this purpose, in 1844, it ordered the establishment of rabbinical schools, equating them with gymnasiums regarding general subjects. Furthermore, the decree was directed against cheders and their teachers (melameds), as the Russian government in the 1840s considered them breeding grounds for Jewish fanaticism.
1884 — (14 Sivan 5644) A pogrom in Nizhny Novgorod, where the Jewish population was small; although the primary goal of this pogrom was looting, nine people died during it. According to the governor’s statement, «… the conviction has taken root among the people of Russia that the most serious crimes will go completely unpunished, as long as they are directed against Jews.»
1892 — (12 Sivan 5652) The American Jewish Historical Society was founded.
1914 — (13 Sivan 5674) In Istanbul, the Jewish gymnastics club «Maccabi» organized and held a sports festival, which was attended by 2,500 spectators, including many state and political figures of Turkey.
1930 — (11 Sivan 5690) The Magen David Adom emergency medical service was established
1939 — (20st of Sivan, 5699) Another ship attempting to land 260 illegal (Jewish) immigrants north of Haifa was captured today
1942 — (22st of Sivan, 5702) The Jewish Yellow Star is made mandatory in Occupied France
1942 — (22 Sivan 5702) In Kuibyshev, the first issue of the newspaper «Eynikayt» (Yiddish: «Unity») was published – the organ of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee. It was closed on November 20, 1948, during the unfolding campaign to «combat cosmopolitanism.»
1942 — (22 Sivan 5702) Shoah. 1,000 Jews were deported from Chernivtsi to the Trostyanets district of the Vinnytsia region
1944 — (16st of Sivan, 5704) The first phase of the deportation and mass murder of the Hungarian Jews is complete. Nearly 290,000 Jews have been killed in 23 days
1945 — (26 Sivan 5705) The Israeli shipping company Integrated Shipping Services Ltd was founded, which today ranks among the top twenty largest in the world
1947 — (19st of Sivan, 5707) The Oujda and Jerada pogrom which took place in northeastern Morocco began today
1948 — (29 Iyar 5708) War of Independence. 600 porters on foot, through the Judean Hills, delivered food supplies to Jerusalem.
1948 — (29 Iyar 5708) War of Independence. The battle at Kibbutz Nitzanim. An reinforced Egyptian battalion, supported by armored vehicles, began attacking the kibbutz in the morning. The attack was repelled. The second attack was supported by aircraft, and Egyptian tanks broke into the kibbutz. Its defenders were pushed back to the outskirts and surrounded. An attempt to break out of the encirclement failed. At 4:00 PM, the Israeli fighters surrendered. 33 defenders of the kibbutz were killed, 105 were taken prisoner. After the war, the kibbutz was demolished, and a military base was built in its place. The defenders of the kibbutz, through their resistance, slowed the advance of Egyptian troops on Tel Aviv.
1948 — (29 Iyar 5708) At a meeting between Ben-Gurion, Reuven Shiloah (who worked in the Political Department of the Jewish Agency), and Isser Be’eri (Birenzweig, nicknamed «Big Isser»), who headed the «Shai» service, the initial contours of Israel’s intelligence services were defined
1953 — (24 Sivan 5713) Terrorist attack. In southern Jerusalem, terrorists shot and killed a teenager; 3 people were wounded
1967 — (28st of Iyar, 5727) Six-Day War. ….. Israel captured the Old City of Jerusalem uniting the city for the first time since the establishment of the state. Today at 10:15, with the radio confirmation, «The Temple Mount is in our hands,» the Israeli flag was raised above the Western wall; 1967: “David Rubinger, an Austrian-born photojournalist, chronicled the birth of the modern state of Israel, its leaders, its triumphs” took the iconic photo, of the Israeli paratroopers Zion Karasanti, Yitzhak Yifat and Haim Oshri at the Western Wall today
1967 — (28st of Iyar, 5727) Israeli forces captured Jericho, Bethlehem, Sharm-el-Sheikh, and lifted the blockade of the Gulf of Eilat. The entire Jordanian bulge on the western bank of the Jordan came under Israeli control. Hostilities between Israel and Jordan came to an end upon their acceptance of the cease-fire demanded by the Security Council of the U.N., 1967.
1967 — (28st of Iyar, 5727) On the third day of fighting, the IAF destroyed hundreds of Egyptian vehicles trying to flee across the Sinai in convoys and trapped thousands more in narrow Sinai passes.
1967 — (28st of Iyar, 5727) By the end of the third day Jordan’s air force of 34 combat aircraft had essentially ceased to exist and the Jordanian military was no longer in the fight.
1967 — (28st of Iyar, 5727) A successful joint attack by armor units and elements of the Golani led to the capture of Nablus this afternoon
1970 — (3 Sivan 5730) Mexico. FIFA World Cup. Israel vs. Sweden 1:1.
1973 — (7 Sivan 5733) The first visit of a German Chancellor, Willy Brandt, to Israel
1981 — (5st of Sivan, 5741) The Israeli air force attacks and destroys the Iraq nuclear reactor at Osiriq. Both the United States and leaders in the Israeli opposition condemned Menachem Begin. After Operation Desert storm the American State department belatedly praised his actions, admitting it had saved countless lives
1981 — (5 Sivan 5741) The International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame was opened at the Wingate Institute for Physical Education and Sport in Netanya. It includes over 300 champion athletes and sports-related figures representing 25 countries. New members are inducted into the Hall of Fame every year.
1982 — (16 Sivan 5742) Operation Peace for Galilee. The Beaufort Castle was captured by the Golani Brigade. Six soldiers were killed in the battle. Sidon, Damour, and Jezzine were captured. An Israeli force, including tank and infantry units, landed at the mouth of the Awali River in southern Lebanon under the cover of helicopters and naval vessels
2018 — (24 Sivan 5778) Residents of the Mevo Horon settlement inaugurated a synagogue that is an exact replica of the “Chesed Enosh” synagogue, which once stood in the Dutch city of Terborg. It was destroyed by an American bomb on 8 March 1945 and never rebuilt, as there were no Jews left in the city. Mevo Horon is a moshav in Samaria, near Modi’in and Latrun. The name translates as “The Gates of Horon” and is named after the ancient city of Beit Horon
2026 — (22 Sivan 5786) A terrorist attack occurred in the area of Highway 5533, connecting the settlements of Kochav Ya’ir, Tzur Yitzhak, and Tzur Natan. Arabs opened fire on civilians. Five people were injured, and one person was killed
People
1594 — (29 Sivan 5354) In London, Queen Elizabeth’s personal physician, the Marrano Rodrigo Lopes, was executed on charges of conspiring against the queen.
1651 — (28 Sivan 5411) Avraham Rapoport, the rabbi of the yeshiva in Lviv (Lwow), died at the age of 67. Being very wealthy, he spent large sums for the benefit of his yeshiva students and was the administrator of funds collected for the poor in the Holy Land.
1845 — Leopold Auer, violinist, pedagogue, conductor, and composer, was born in Hungary.
1852 — (20 Sivan 5612) David Kaufmann was born. He was a scholar of Jewish studies (Judaica), researcher of Jewish philosophy and history, and a collector of Jewish manuscripts. He died on July 6, 1899
1874 — (22nd of Sivan, 5634) Eighty-seven year old Karaite archeologist Abraham ben Samuel Firkovich passed away today
1904 — (24 Sivan 5664) Maurice Finkel, one of the founders of Yiddish theater in America, committed suicide due to unrequited love.
1921 — Bernard Lown, an American cardiologist and Nobel Prize laureate (1985), was born. He died on February 16, 2021.
1933 — A. Arkanov (Arkady Arkanov), a satirical writer, was born. He died on March 22, 2015.
1960 — Tatiana Drubich, a stage and film actress, was born
1996 — (20th of Sivan, 5756) Max Factor passed away. Factor arrived in the United States at the start of the 20th century. He was a pioneer in the cosmetics industry who parlayed his work with Hollywood movie stars into his own cosmetics company, the name of which survives under the Max Factor Cosmetics label