History events
69 — (22 Tamuz 3829) Vespasian declared that «the revolting province has acknowledged its wrongdoing and is repentantly returning under the protection of the Senate and the Roman people. As a sign of this, the supreme theologian, Yohanan ben Zakkai, hands over to the marshal the documents and seal of the Higher Jerusalem Temple Administration. The Jewish War, which the empire has entrusted to the commander Titus Flavius Vespasian, should thus be considered finished. The remaining task of pacifying Jerusalem is a matter for the police authorities.» (L. Feikhvanger «The Jewish War»)
70 — (3 Tamuz 3830) The Jewish War. Another unsuccessful attempt by the Romans to seize the fortress of Antonia
1294 — (4th of Tammuz, 5054)The Jewish community of Berne, Switzerland forfeited all financial claims against non-Jews, and then was expelled from the country
1298 — (19th of Tammuz, 5058)The Jewish community of Morgentheim, Austria was massacred
1487 — (9th of Tammuz, 5247) At Faro, Portugal, the printing of a Pentateuch was completed on the printing pressed located in the house of Don Samuel Giacon. According to Konrad Haebler’s Typographie Ibèrique, “this was the first Hebrew book printed with vowel-points.”
1497 — (1 Av 5257) In the Portuguese city of Leiria, the printer Samuel Dortaš and his son Abraham completed the publication of the Five Books of Moses (Proverbs) with a translation into Aramaic and commentaries by Menachem Meiri and Levi ben Gershon.
1658 — (9 Tamuz 5418) The burghers of Vilna appealed to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, whose troops had recently taken the city, for the expulsion of the Jews, to which the tsar replied: «Expel the Jews from Vilna to the wilderness beyond the city.»
1838 — (7th of Tammuz, 5598) The Swedish government abolished discrimination against Jews. Unfortunately due to public objections it was repealed. Another 30 years were to pass before Jews were given the right to vote
1866 — (17th of Tammuz, 5626) Today, in Romania, ….. Jews were attacked maimed and robbed. The Bucharest Synagogue was desecrated and demolished. As a result of the violence Article 6 of the 1866 Constitution was replaced by Article 7. Article 6 declared that «religion is no obstacle to citizenship»; but, «with regard to the Jews, a special law will have to be framed in order to regulate their admission to naturalization and also to civil rights». Article 7 read that «only such aliens as are of the Christian faith may obtain citizenship». All this came to pass when Charles von Hohenzollern took the throne as Carol I and was forced to deal with a riot against the Jews in his capital city
1881 — (3 Tamuz 5441) Pogrom in Pereyaslav (it continued on July 2).
1905 — (27 Sivan 5665) In Bialystok, soldiers shot at Jews on the streets. About 50 people were killed. The incident was triggered by a bomb thrown by an anarchist militant at a military patrol.
1931 — (15 Tamuz 5691) In Basel, under the chairmanship of Mozkin, the 17th Zionist Congress began. It lasted for 15 days and was attended by 254 delegates. The Congress adopted a resolution against the White Paper of Lord Passfield, stating at the same time that the letter from British Prime Minister R. MacDonald to Chaim Weizmann dated February 13, 1931 (which annulled many provisions of the White Paper) could serve as a basis for further negotiations. V. Jabotinsky’s proposal to declare the establishment of a Jewish state as the goal of the Zionist Organization was once again rejected; in response, he publicly tore up his delegate’s credentials and, exclaiming, «This is not a Zionist Congress!» left the hall with his supporters. The pro-British political line of Chaim Weizmann was severely criticized at the Congress, which became one of the reasons for his refusal to return to the presidency of the Zionist Organization, a position he had abandoned a year earlier in protest against the anti-Zionist actions of the British authorities. N. Sokolov was elected as the new leader of the Zionist Organization.
1937 — (21th of Tammuz, 5697) A tower and stockade kibbutz was established at Tirat Zevi (Zevi’s Castle) 6 miles south-east of Beisan and less than a mile from the Jordan border
1940 — (22 Sivan 5700) Shoah. Pogrom in Dobruja — a historical region in northern the Balkan Peninsula, on the territory of Romania. 52 people were killed
1941 — (5th of Tammuz, 5701). Нolocaust. ….. Ninety Jews are murdered at Dobromil, Ukraine; Ten year old Masha Blumenau was among those murdered by German soldiers when they went to the City Hospital in Liepāja to arrest the Jewish members of the medical staff whom they then killed; German troops enter Lvov, Ukraine, and beat hundreds of Jews to death after running them ragged at gunpoint; Two death trains left Iasi, Romania after a pogrom. One of them stopped in Podu Iloaiei and the 1,194 Jews who died along the way from thirst and heat exhaustion were buried there in a mass grave; Three hundred young Jews are deported from Amsterdam, Holland, to stone quarries at the Mauthausen, Austria, concentration camp. All will eventually perish
1941 — (5 Tamuz 5701) Shoah. In Sokaly (Chervonohrad district of Lviv region), Sonderkommando 4a executed 183 «Jewish communists,» and the advance unit of this team in Lutsk (Volyn region) shot 300 Jews. Operational team 6 in Dobromil (Lviv region) executed 132 Jews. On the same day, German troops occupied Lviv.
1941 — (5 Tamuz 5701) Shoah. Protocol No. 6 of the morning session of the temporary cabinet of ministers of Lithuania states: «Discussed…. 4. The establishment of the Lithuanian battalion and the creation of a Jewish concentration camp. 2) Approve the creation of a Jewish concentration camp.»
1941 — (5 Tamuz 5701) Shoah. «Seven hours before the regular units of the Wehrmacht entered Lviv, the thugs of ‘Nakhtegal’ (a Ukrainian military unit) burst into the city. They began to loot, rape, and kill. They killed according to pre-prepared lists of Jews, killing people simply for looking like Jews. They drove half-naked Jewish women, old people, and children through the streets of Lviv and shot at them indiscriminately. These crimes lasted for four horrific days. During the days of the pogrom in Lviv, more than 5,000 people were tortured and killed.» (From the speech of the Deputy Chief Soviet Prosecutor Lev Smirnov, Transcript of the Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal, February 1946)
1942 — (15 Tamuz 5702) Shoah. The Ortkommando 1/287 in Kerch reported: «The issue of Jews and Crimean Tatars was raised, and the city area was cleared of these elements, except for those individuals who are still hiding.»
1942 — (15th of Tammuz, 5702) A headline in the London Daily Telegraph reads: «MORE THAN 1,000,000 JEWS KILLED IN EUROPE.»
1946 — (1th of Tammuz, 5706) Irgun Zvai Leumi…issued an ultimatum tonight saying it would kill three British hostages if the British executed two Irgun members condemned to death
1948 — (23th of Sivan, 5708) The last British armed forces left Israel; Shai was disbanded as part of a reorganization of the Israeli secret service. Shai, “an acronym for Sherut Yediot” was established in 1940 as “the intelligence and counter-espionage arm of the Haganah.”
1948 — (23 Sivan 5708) War of Independence. On the night before the last British troops left Israel, two «Cromwell» tanks with 75-mm guns and a full ammunition supply were stolen from one of the last English bases — an airfield near an oil refinery.
1948 — (23 Sivan 5708) Israel. The transitional government adopted the «Law on Abandoned Territories,» under which everything left by former owners was transferred to the ownership of the State.
1948 — (23 Sivan 5708) The birthday of Israeli intelligence. At a meeting of the heads of Israel’s secret services in Tel Aviv, a recommendation by Ben-Gurion was accepted to establish three new departments: military intelligence, political intelligence (the future «Mossad»), and internal security
1953 — (17th of Tammuz, 5713) Between May 15, 1948 and June 30, 1953, the Jewish population of Israel doubled from 640,000 to 1.3 million, Between May 15, 1948 and June 30, 1956, the Jewish population of Israel tripled from 640,000 to 2.1 million
1954 — (29 Sivan 5714) Terrorist act. Jordanian snipers fired from the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem at people passing by the Jaffa Gate, resulting in 2 deaths and 17 injuries.
1955 — (10 Tamuz 5715) For Israeli citizens, the requirement to provide a certificate from the tax office for traveling abroad was abolished
1976 — (2th of Tammuz, 5736) As the crisis at Entebbe entered its fourth day, ….. the Israeli government was under intense pressure from families of the hostages to negotiate with the terrorists even it meant releasing those with “blood on their hands.”; Unbeknownst to the public the Israeli government had ascertained through direct conversations with Idi Amin that his government was cooperating with the terrorists which meant that there was no hope that Uganda might help in any way to free the prisoners; Just before midnight an Air France jet landed at Orly Airport carrying 47 of the released hostages some of whom provided what would become invaluable information for those who would conduct Operation Thunderbolt
1981 — (28 Sivan 5741) Knesset elections of the 10th convocation. Likud won — 48 mandates.
1985 — (11th of Tammuz, 5745) In two separate bomb attacks on buses in Jerusalem, 6 people were injured
1997 — (25 Sivan 5757) Terrorist act. Suicide bombings at the «Mahane Yehuda» market in Jerusalem, resulting in 16 deaths and 150 injuries.
2024 — (24 Sivan 5784) The government approved the decision to build a new city for believers in northern Negev near Rahat and Lehavim, within the territory of the Bnei Shimon regional council. The name is Tila, the area is about 4 square kilometers, designed for 80,000 residents.
2024 — (24 Sivan 5784) The «Avoda» and MERETZ parties announced their merger under the new name «Demokratim.»
People
1270 — (9 Tamuz 5030) Yehuda ben Ashar was born — a rabbi and traveler. Died July 4, 1349.
1522 — Johann Reuchlin ….. “a German humanist and a scholar of Greek and Hebrew” who “for much of his life… was the real centre of all Greek and Hebrew teaching in Germany, passed away. “In 1510, Reuchlin was drawn into a bitter controversy with the Jewish-Dominican convert Johannes Pfefferkorn, who had convinced the emperor to confiscate and burn copies of the Talmud and other Jewish books. Asked for his opinion on the issue, Reuchlin urged the preservation of this literature and recommended the establishment of a chair of Hebrew in each of the major universities. As a result of his efforts, the order to destroy the Jewish books was rescinded. However, his enemies persisted, and Reuchlin had to face charges from the Inquisition. He was able to deflect the accusations for a time and returned to teaching …. Reuchlin is considered a hero in the history of European Judaism.”
1900 — (3 Tamuz 5660) Yitzhak Maor was born — an Israeli historian and publicist. Died in 1993
1924 — (28th of Sivan, 5684) Rabbi Yaakov Yisrael De Haan, ….. a Dutch born Jew who was a leader of the ultra-Orthodox Jewish community opposed to Zionism was shot outside of the synagogue moments after finishing his evening prayers. De Haan was scheduled to lead a delegation of ultra-Orthodox anti-Zionist Jews to London where he planned to make their case to the British government. His killer was rumored to be a fellow Jew. The Jewish community of Jerusalem, regardless of political affiliation was shocked by the killing and 20,000 people turned out for his funeral. Forty years after the crime took place a 1970 broadcast on Israeli radio revealed that the killer had been a member of Haganah who had killed De Haan because he was viewed as a traitor
1926 — Uri’el Ofek was born — an Israeli children’s writer. Died in 1987.
1937 — Gideon Ezra was born — an Israeli statesman and public figure, a minister and member of the Knesset from the Likud and Kadima parties. Died May 17, 2012.
1948 — Rivka Zohar was born — an Israeli singer.
1948 — (23th of Sivan, 5708) Meir Tobianski ….. was taken into custody and interrogated by Isser Be’eri, David Kron, Binyamin Gibli and Avraham Kidron during a drumhead court-martial. Be’eri had already prepared a firing squad consisting of six soldiers from the Palmach Yiftach Brigade, which was in control of the Jerusalem corridor zone. Tobianski was found guilty and executed in Bayt Jiz, where his body was buried. Tobianski had received neither a lawyer nor a right to appeal, and his case was not reviewed by a higher court. Be’eri knew of his innocence, but still ordered his execution. In 1949, Be’eri was tried and found guilty of manslaughter. At the trial the court found that as there was a ceasefire in effect at the time, any information supposedly passed by Tobianski could not have served the Jordanian artillery. Be’eri received one day of prison time due to his extensive service to Israel. He was pardoned on the same day by the president, Chaim Weizmann
1970 — (26th of Sivan, 5730) During the War of Attrition Yitzhak Peer was taken prisoner when his F-4E II Phantom was shot down by an Egyptian SAM; Rami Harpaz and Eyal “Los” Ahikar were taken prisoner when their F-4E II Phantom was shot down by an Egyptian SAM
2005 — (23 Sivan 5765) Chief Rabbi uniting Georgian Jews worldwide, Rabbi Rafael Elashvili, died at the age of 71
2014 — (2th of Tammuz, 5774) Israeli searchers discovered the bodies of Naftali Fraenkel, 16, Gil-ad Shaar, 16, and Eyal Yifrach, 19, the three teenagers kidnapped on June 12 bound an partially buried in an open field at Wadi Tellem