History events
1274 — (2st of Av, 5034) Gregory X. issues bull against blood accusation
1320 (1 Av 5080) — Widespread popular unrest began in southern France — the Shepherds’ Revolt, directed against non‑believers and Jews. Crowds of tens of thousands of people, often with the assistance of local authorities, seized cities in southern France and killed all Jews who refused to convert to Christianity. Jewish communities were destroyed in Toulouse, Bordeaux, Arles, Albi, and many other cities. The royal authorities barely suppressed the revolt. All Jews who had been forcibly baptised were later permitted to return to Judaism
1358 — (1st of Av, 5118) Hundreds of Jews were murdered in Catalonia
1573 (7 Av 5333) — A special supreme judicial‑administrative collegium of the Venetian Republic, without giving any reason, annulled the decree expelling Jews issued on December 14, 1571. According to the new decree, Jews were allowed — despite previous threats — to remain in Venice under the same conditions as before.
1753 (5 Tammuz 5513) — The English Parliament passed an act allowing Jews to naturalise in the country. The Parliament took into account the loyalty of the Jewish community during the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745, the merits of financier Samson Gideon in strengthening the stock market, and the participation of some young members of the London community in the Civil Guard during the defence of the city. The act passed smoothly in the House of Lords, but faced some opposition in the House of Commons. However, in 1754 it was repealed due to agitation by the Conservative Party, halting the civic advancement of English Jewry for a long time. Jews were actively involved in trade and industry and maintained their own autonomous communities in London and other cities, but were excluded from public and political life and severely restricted in many basic rights (such as acquiring real estate, etc.).
1903 (New Style) (12 Tammuz 5663) — Russian Interior Minister Plehve issued an order declaring Zionism, as a political movement, illegal.
1918 (27 Tammuz 5678) — The Kraków newspaper Ha‑Mitzpah first published a report about the discovery in Kherson of a vast collection of letters by the Baal Shem Tov and his disciples of the first two generations. This collection became known as the Kherson Genizah.
1922 — (11th of Tammuz, 5682) Hadoar, the first daily Hebrew newspaper published in the United States was converted to a weekly
1923 (23 Tammuz 5683) — In Lviv, the stadium of the sports club Hasmonea was торжественно opened. At the time, it was one of the most well‑equipped stadiums, capable of holding up to 10 000 spectators. Today, it is the stadium of the Physical Education Institute
1937 — (28th of Tammuz, 5697) The Peel Commission Report describing the investigation of the 1936 Arab Riots was published. The Commission recommended the partition of Mandatory Palestine into two states. The Zionist Congress would, while rejecting the actual borders, agree to consider the proposal. The Arabs rejected it out of hand.
1940 (1 Tammuz 5700) — Elections for the first mayor of Holon were held at the Savoy Cafe. Chaim Kugel was elected; one of the city’s central streets now bears his name. At that time, about 500 families lived in the settlement, and the name “Holon” did not yet exist
1941 — (12th of Tammuz, 5701) Two thousand Jews are murdered at Khotin, Ukraine
1941 (12 Tammuz 5701) — Shoah. Kaunas was captured by the Nazis in the first days of the war. At that time, there were 40 000 Jews in the city. Pogroms began as early as June 25, and within several days, more than 3 000 people were killed. Then the Germans took over, herding all Jews — both locals and refugees — to the 7th Fort on the northern outskirts of the city. Up to 10 000 people were gathered there and kept without food or water in the casemates and ditches of defensive structures built at the turn of the century. People died under these conditions, and the dead were not allowed to be buried. Those taken away for work never returned. On the morning of July 7, women, young children, and adolescents under 15 years old were transferred to the 9th Fort. All remaining men were shot on the same day… (V. Alekseev, A Day in History).
1941 (12 Tammuz 5701) — Shoah. The killings of Jews in Skalat, Hrymailiv, and Berezhany were largely completed; in total, over three days, 580, 450, and 300 Jews were killed, respectively. Killings of Jews continued in Chernivtsi. In the village of Pidhorodtsi (Skole District, Lviv Region), the security police shot 19 Jews. Seven Jews were killed in Kopychyntsi, and six Jews in the village of Khmelisko near Skalat (Ternopil Region). Killings of Jews began in the village of Boyany (Chernivtsi Region), and a Jewish camp was established in Vashkivtsi (1 500 people), Chernivtsi Oblast.
1941 (12 Tammuz 5701) — In the Vilnius Ghetto, Herman Kruk (see May 19, 1897) opened a library using collections from the Havrah Mefitsei Haskalah (Society for the Spread of Enlightenment) and a large Jewish library.
1942 — (22nd of Tammuz, 5702) One thousand Jews from Rzeszów, Poland, are killed at the Rudna Forest. Fourteen thousand are deported to the Belzec death camp
1943 — (4th of Tammuz, 5703) In the Negev, about 30 minutes south of Beersheba, Kibbutz Tel Ha Tzofim (Scout’s hill), which was later renamed Revivim (Showers) by Berl Katznelson was founded today.
1948 — (30th of Sivan, 5708) War for Independence. ….. The settlers who were defending Kfar Darom against Egyptian attacks agreed to be evacuated. Kfar Darom had been cut off from direct military help since the end of June. Air drops of supplies failed to reach the embattled settlement because of Egyptian anti-aircraft. Their stubborn resistance helped to slow the Egyptian advance on Tel Aviv and bought time for the Israelis defending the approaches to the major Jewish population centers. The successful evacuation took place during the night of July 7-8; Abdullah el-Tell, the Military Governor of Jerusalem “signed the «Mount Scopus Agreement» by which the Israelis agreed that Mount Scopus would be demilitarized and come under United Nations supervision.”; During the War for Independence, with the truce period about to expire the Security Council asked each side if they would extend it for ten days. The Jews accepted the proposal. The Arabs rejected it
1954 (6 Tammuz 5714) — The Knesset passed a law to promote Israeli film production.
1960 (12 Tammuz 5720) — El Al Airlines’ management refused to meet the religious demand for a kosher supervisor on every flight. The company stated that aircraft galley facilities complied with kosher standards and that flight attendants had completed special training courses
1964 — (27th of Tammuz, 5724) Tens of thousands of Israelis paid honor tonight to Zeev Jabotinsky, whose remains were flown to Tel Aviv from the United States for reburial
1971 — (14th of Tammuz, 5731) Four people were killed and thirty more were injured during a “rocket attack on a Tel Aviv suburb
2003 (7 Tammuz 5763) — A terrorist attack in the settlement of Javits. A suicide bomber detonated explosives. One local resident was killed.
2009 (15 Tammuz 5769) — Archaeologists from the Israel Antiquities Authority reported a discovery made during excavations in Jerusalem: quarries that apparently supplied stone for the construction of the Second Temple and major structures built during the reign of King Herod, including his palace at Herodium.
2012 (17 Tammuz 5772) — A terrorist attack at the airport in the Bulgarian city of Burgas. A bus carrying Israeli tourists was blown up. Seven people were killed and more than 30 were injured.
2013 (29 Tammuz 5773) — The Israeli Government approved a bill on equal distribution of duties. According to it, in four years, ultra‑Orthodox men reaching the age of 21 will be subject to conscription. An exception will apply to 1 800 individuals granted exemptions to study in yeshivas.
2015 (20 Tammuz 5775) — The Israel State Electricity Company announced the connection of the private power plant Dalia Energyot, located near Kiryat Malachi, to the national grid. Dalia Energyot became Israel’s third private power plant.
2015 (20 Tammuz 5775) — In the settlement of Shavei Shomron, a cornerstone‑laying ceremony was held for a Visitors Centre serving residents of northern Samaria. Shavei Shomron is a communal religious settlement founded in 1977.
2025 (11 Tammuz 5785) — Israel launched a military operation against Yemen’s Houthis, codenamed Black Flag. During the night, about 20 fighter aircraft, using more than 50 bombs and missiles, attacked Houthis’ infrastructure facilities at ports in western Yemen and at the Ras Kanatib Power Plant, which supplies energy to the port of Hudaydah.
People
1690 — (11st of Av? 5450) Rabbi Hillel ben Naphta Zevi of Altona, author Bet Hillel, novella on the code passed away
1743 (15 Tammuz 5503) — Rabbi Chaim bar Moshe Ibn Atar, a Torah commentator and one of the spiritual leaders of his generation, died at the age of 47.
1754 (17 Tammuz 5514) — Rabbi Aaron Worms, author of critical notes and commentaries on most Talmudic tractates, was born. He died on May 2, 1836.
1860 (17 Tammuz 5620) — Gustav Mahler, an Austrian composer, was born. He died on May 18, 1911.
1881 (10 Tammuz 5641) — Yitzhak ben Yaakov, a public figure in Jewish Palestine and one of the founders of Israeli aviation, was born near Kyiv. He died in an airplane crash on December 29, 1940.
1884 (14 Tammuz 5644) — Lion Feuchtwanger, a writer, was born. He died on December 21, 1958.
1887 (15 Tammuz 5647) — Marc Chagall, an artist, was born. He died on March 28, 1985.
1891 — (1th of Tammuz, 5651) Ludwig Chronegk, German theatrical manager and actor, died
1899 — George Cukor, an American film director and screenwriter, was born. He died on January 24, 1983.
1932 — Valentin Nikulin, a theatre and film actor, was born. He died on August 6, 2005.
1934 — (24th of Tammuz, 5694) Mendel Beilis—a Jewish factory manager in Kiev, Ukraine, accused of murdering a Christian child to use his blood to bake matzah for Passover— whose blood libel trial attracted international attention died suddenly today in Saratoga Springs, NY.
1936 (17 Tammuz 5696) — Igor Guberman, an Israeli writer, was born
1941 — Israel Polyakov, an Israeli actor and singer, was born. He died on October 30, 2007.
1965 — (7th of Tammuz, 5725) Moshe Sharett, second Prime Minister of Israel, passed away
1994 — (28th of Tammuz, 5754) Seventeen year old Sarit Prigal, was shot to death when terrorists opened fire from a passing car near the entrance to Kiryat Arba