History events
1247 — (1th Av, 5007) Pope Innocent IV’s bull Lachrymabilem Iudeorum Alemaniae, prohibiting Christians from using the blood libel as a pretext for torturing, robbing, and killing defenceless people. The fact is that blood libels had become so frequent that it is difficult to list them all. The number of people killed without trial on this monstrous accusation cannot be established. Only echoes of that bloody nightmare have reached us. In 1279, in London, Jews accused of crucifying a Christian child were torn apart by horses. At Easter 1283, near Mainz, a dead child was found; 10 Jews were torn to pieces by an enraged mob. In 1285, in Munich, a synagogue was burned by a mob on the same grounds, killing 180 Jews inside. The following year, in Oberwesel, 40 Jews were brutally murdered
1284 (20 Tammuz 5044) — The book scribe Isaac ben Solomon from Northern Italy began copying Rashi’s Commentaries to various biblical texts. In particular, five days later, on July 9 (24 Tammuz), Isaac ben Solomon finished copying Rashi’s Commentary to the Book of Job
1838 — (12th Tammuz, 5598) The Jews of the city of Safed came under attack from the Druze, who also had sacked an Ottoman caravan capturing 300 fully loaded camels of the Sultan. The attack on the Jews was by a group men armed with rifles, knives, axes and clubs.
1898 (15 Tammuz 5658) — Kerch’s first Jewish charitable society, the Kerch Society for Assistance to Poor Jews, was established
1915 (23 Tammuz 5675) — In Russia, a government order was published, temporarily prohibiting the publication of all newspapers and magazines in Yiddish and Hebrew — under the pretext of difficulties related to censorship supervision. The same order was reissued on July 10, 1915, by General N. Ivanov, commander of the South‑Western Front, but with a different justification: Jewish press and correspondence significantly facilitated espionage
1933 — (11th Tammuz, 5693) An agricultural settlement, Kadima, was founded on the initiative of Yehoshua Hankin. In 2003, it merged with Tzoran to become Tzoran-Kadima
1936 — (15th Tammuz, 5696) The Palestine Post reported that тhe shooting, bomb throwing and tree uprooting by Arab terrorists continued throughout the country
1937 (26 Tammuz 5697) — The kibbutz Ein HaShofet was founded using the “Wall and Tower” method.
1937 (26 Tammuz 5697) — Settlers from the USA established the Juara base near the kibbutz Mishmar ha‑Emek, where hundreds of IDF commanders received military training. From 1950 to 1967, it served as a training base for the Golani Brigade. Today, it is a pre‑conscription training centre.
1941 (10 Tammuz 5701) — Shoah. Order of the commandant of Liepāja: “All Jews (men, women, children) must immediately attach a clearly visible identification mark to their clothing, on the chest and back — a piece of yellow fabric at least 10 by 10 cm in size. All Jewish males aged 16 to 60 must report every day at 7 a.m. to the fire station for public works. Shopping hours for Jews are limited to 10 a.m.–12 p.m. All Jews are permitted to leave their homes from 10 a.m.–12 p.m. and 3 p.m.–5 p.m. Jews are forbidden from visiting parks and beaches. Jews are prohibited from using any means of transport. All Jewish shops must immediately be marked with indelible paint as ‘Juden Geschäft’. All Jews must surrender all vehicles, typewriters, radios, and uniforms. Those who fail to comply with these orders will be punished most severely.”
1941 (10 Tammuz 5701) — Shoah. Executions of Jews continued in Lviv and Ternopil. Killings of Jews began in Skalat, Hrymailiv, and Berezhany (Ternopil Region). Murders also occurred in Pidvolochysk (40 victims) and Kozova (Ternopil Region). In Mlyniv, Klevan, and Tuchyn (Rivne Region), 18, 400, and 20 Jews, respectively, were killed. On the same day, approximately 1 500 Jews were murdered in several localities in Chernivtsi Region, especially in Novoselytsia (about 800), Kostyntsi and Hlynitsa (about 350), Nyzhni and Verkhni Stanivtsi (over 110), Miliyiv (76), Chereshe (37), Nepolokovtsi (34), Vyzhnytsia (21), and Rostoky (50). On the same day, German police shot 150 Jews in Volodymyr‑Volynskyi and 15 Jews in Rudky (Lviv Region). Several dozen Jews were killed in Kupil (Volochysk District, Khmelnytskyi Region). On the same day, Jewish camps were established in Storozhynets, Hertsa, and Banila (Chernivtsi Region).
1941 (10 Tammuz 5701) — Shoah. Pogrom in the Polish town of Wąsosz. It lasted three days and was carefully planned. Forged clubs were prepared, shovels were sharpened. A Red Army anti‑tank ditch was selected for burying the bodies, and even a supply of slaked lime was arranged to prevent the spread of disease from the corpses. At least 250 Jews were killed here; the highest estimates put the number of victims at 1,200.
1948 (28 Sivan 5708) — In Haifa, notices appeared: “We inform the public that from July 4 to July 9, 1948, eggs will be distributed: 3 (three) Turkish eggs per person, according to list No. 16 and new ration cards. Accordingly, during the same period, 3 (three) eggs from the Tnuva company will be distributed per child under 12 years of age. Eggs can be collected by each consumer at the store. Sugar for the previous month can also be collected there. Haifa State Controller.”
1950 — (20th Tammuz, 5710) The Knesset, Israel’s Parliament, passed the “Law of Return” which “granted all Jews the right to live in and become a citizen of Israel.”
1951 (1 Tammuz 5711) — In Tel Aviv, the planting of HaYarkon Park began.
1952 (12 Tammuz 5712) — A fire broke out in a Jewish Agency (Sokhnut) warehouse in Tel Aviv. Belongings of new repatriates from Iran were destroyed. The cause was a discarded cigarette; the fire spread because the warehouses were unguarded.
1957 (6 Tammuz 5717) — At a meeting with five Arab deputies, the Prime Minister said it was time to improve the situation of Israeli Arabs. In the Arab “Triangle” area, it was decided to shorten the curfew, allow Arabs to visit the cities of Acre, Nazareth, and Afula without special permits, and establish a special fund for the development of Arab areas within the Ministry of Agriculture. There were 115 000 Arabs living in Galilee and 35 000 in the “Triangle” region. The military regime for Arabs in Galilee and the “Triangle” was abolished in 1967
1959 — (29th Sivan, 5719) In Israel, the 8th government collapsed when David Ben Gurion resigned after Labor Unit and Mapam had voted against the government on the issue of selling arms to West German and refused to leave the coalition
1960 (10 Tammuz 5720) — Newspapers reported that Israel was overwhelmed by a wave of counterfeit 10‑lira banknotes. Counterfeiters had set up production of high‑quality fake money.
1961 (21 Tammuz 5721) — At 4:41 a.m., the meteorological satellite Bit‑2, a solid‑fuel device weighing 250 kg, was launched into space from a beach south of Acre.
1965 (5 Tammuz 5725) — Terrorist attack. Arabs planted explosives near Beit Guvrin National Park and on the railway tracks leading to Jerusalem.
1975 (25 Tammuz 5735) — Terrorist attack. In Jerusalem, at Zion Square, a refrigerator containing five kilograms of explosives exploded. Fifteen people were killed and 77 injured. Ahmad El‑Sukar, responsible for planting the bomb, was released from an Israeli prison in 2003 as a goodwill gesture for Arafat.
1982 (14 Tammuz 5742) — The mixed secular‑religious settlement of Nokdim was founded in the Judean Hills, at an altitude of 570 metres
1993 — (16th Tammuz, 5753) Opening of the 14th Maccabiah
2003 (5 Tammuz 5763) — Israel. Hezbollah militants fired 26 shells at northern Israel. No casualties were reported, but significant damage was caused to several buildings and cars in the city of Kiryat Shmona.
People
1719 — (18th Tammuz, 5479) Rabbi Shmuel Schotten known as the Mharsheishoch, who was born at Schotten in 1644 and was appointed Rosh Yeshiva of the yeshiva in Frankfurt am Main and Rabbi of the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1685 passed away today
1764 — (5th Tammuz, 5524) Birthdate of Daniel Mendoza an English prizefighter, who was boxing champion of England 1792-95. He is sometimes called the father of scientific boxing. Mendoza’s style consisted of more than simply battering opponents into submission; his «scientific style» included much movement. His ability to overcome much heavier adversaries was a consequence of this. In 1789 he published The Art of Boxing
1857 (13 Tammuz 5617) — David Ginzburg, a scholar, owner of one of the most significant collections of Jewish incunabula, and public figure, was born. He financed the publication and edited the Jewish Encyclopedia by Brockhaus and Efron. He died in 1910.
1879 — Wanda Landowska, a musician and a key figure in the revival of the harpsichord in the 20th century, was born. She died on August 16, 1959.
1897 — Paul Ben‑Haim, an Israeli composer, was born. He died on January 20, 1984.
1920 (19 Tammuz 5680) — Representatives of the Joint, Professor Israel Friedlander and Rabbi Bernard Cantor, who had been sent to help Ukrainian Jews, were murdered and robbed by soldiers of the First Cavalry of the Red Army. In 2000, their grave in an abandoned cemetery was discovered and restored
1970 — (1th Tammuz, 5730) Amos Zamir and Amos Levitov were captured when their FE4 Phantom was shot down by Egyptian SAM’s during the War of Attrition