History events
1315 — (25th of Av, 5075) Nine years after he had expelled the Jews (1306), King Louis X of France ….. issued an edict that permitted “the Jews to return for a period of twelve years, authorizing them to establish themselves in the cities in which they had lived before their banishment. He issued this edict in answer to the demands of the people. Geoffroy of Paris, the popular poet of the time, says in fact that the Jews were gentle in comparison with the Christians who had taken their place, and who had flayed their debtors alive; if the Jews had remained, the country would have been happier; for there were no longer any moneylenders at all (Bouquet, xxii. 118). The king probably had the interests of his treasury also in view. The profits of the former confiscations had gone into the treasury, and by recalling the Jews for only twelve years he would have an opportunity for ransoming them at the end of this period. It appears that they gave the sum of 122,500 livres for the privilege of returning. It is also probable, as Vuitry states, that a large number of the debts owing to the Jews had not been recovered, and that the holders of the notes had preserved them; the decree of return specified that two-thirds of the old debts recovered by the Jews should go into the treasury. The conditions under which they were allowed to settle in the land are set forth in a number of articles; some of the guaranties which were accorded the Jews had probably been demanded by them and been paid for. They were to live by the work of their hands or to sell merchandise of a good quality; they were to wear the circular badge, and not discuss religion with laymen. They were not to be molested, either with regard to the chattels they had carried away at the time of their banishment, or with regard to the loans which they had made since then, or in general with regard to anything which had happened in the past. Their synagogues and their cemeteries were to be restored to them on condition that they would refund their value; or, if these could not be restored, the king would give them the necessary sites at a reasonable price. The books of the Law that had not yet been returned to them were also to be restored, with the exception of the Talmud. After the period of twelve years granted to them the king might not expel the Jews again without giving them a year’s time in which to dispose of their property and carry away their goods. They were not to lend on usury, and no one was to be forced by the king or his officers to repay to them usurious loans. If they engaged in pawn broking, they were not to take more than two deniers in the pound a week; they were to lend only on pledges. Two men with the title «auditors of the Jews» were entrusted with the execution of this ordinance, and were to take cognizance of all claims that might arise in connection with goods belonging to the Jews which had been sold before the expulsion for less than half of what was regarded as a fair price. The king finally declared that he took the Jews under his special protection, and that he desired to have their persons and property protected from all violence, injury, and oppression.”
1648 — (19th of Av, 5408) Three thousand Jewish children were killed by Chmeilnicki’s hordes in Konstantnow
1849 — (9th of Av, 5609) Emancipation in Hungary
1876 — (7th of Av, 5636) Eduard Lasker secures the passing of the «Austritt-Gesetz,» permitting persons in Prussia to sever connection with any religious community
1895 — (7th of Av, 5655) “Jordan Ceased To Flow” published today includes a summary of an article by Lt. Col C.M. Watson of the Royal Engineers that had appeared in the last quarterly of the Palestine Exploration of London which described “a stoppage in the flow of the River Jordan” that had occurred in the 14th century which bore “a likeness to the miraculous” stoppage “of the river at the time of the…Israelites.”
1905 — (25th of Tammuz, 5665) An Extraordinary Zionist Congress in Basel, held as part of the regular Seventh Congress, dedicated to resettlement in Uganda. A report was heard from the East African expedition regarding the feasibility of settling Jews in Uganda. It turned out that no more than 20,000 could be settled over several decades, provided large capital investments were made. During the debates, representatives of all different opinions on the issue were heard. A resolution proposed by the Russian Zionists was adopted, which recognized only Eretz-Israel as the national homeland for the Jewish people. The Ugandan project epic came to an end.
1909 — (10th of Av, 5669) The cornerstone for Gymnasia Herzliya’s new building on Herzl Street in the Ahuzat Bayit neighborhood of Tel Ave took place. Founded at Jaffa in 1905, it was the first Hebrew high school in what would become the state of Israel
1923 — (15th of Av, 5683) Opera life began in pre-statehood Israel today with the performance of Verdi’s “La Traviata. The performance brought to life the vision of Mordechai Golinkin described in his thesis “The Vision of the Hebrew Art Temple of Opera Work in Palestine.” Since there were opera houses in the new Jewish city, the performance took place in a movie theatre
1937 — (20th of Av, 5697) Kfar Menahem, a moshav that had been abandoned in 1936 during the Arab Revolt “was re-established as part of the tower and stockade program
1939 — (12th of Av, 5699) On the Mediterranean Sea north of Tel Aviv, “authorities detained 373 Jews today as unauthorized immigrants after the British destroyer Imperial halted the Colorado, a vessel flying” the Panamanian flag
1941 — (4th of Av, 5701) Shoah. Newspaper «Daugavpils latviesu avize»: «On July 28, the city experienced an exceptionally festive day. Daugavpils has once and for all been freed from the traitors of the people – the last remnants of the kikes. 14,000 kikes, who had entrenched themselves in the city for years, cleaned out to the last one – this is truly a feat worthy of admiration.»
1941 — (4th of Av, 5701) Shoah. «The city of Lviv, July 28, 1941. To the Security Service of the OUN in Lviv. Archpriest Father Tabinsky informs us: our militia, together with the German authorities, is carrying out numerous arrests of kikes. Before liquidation, the kikes defend themselves by all means, primarily with money. According to Father Tabinsky’s information, there are those among our militiamen who release kikes for gold or money; they must be arrested. We have no specific data, but we are passing this information to you for your knowledge and further use. Glory to Ukraine. Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. Main Propaganda Department.»
1941 — (4th of Av, 5701) Shoah. The 10th SS Infantry Regiment, part of the 1st SS Motorized Infantry Brigade, during an action to «cleanse» the area south of the Rovno — Zviahel road, shot 200 Jews in Annopol and the adult Jews in Kylykyiv (Khmelnytskyi region). The 45th Reserve Police Battalion shot approximately 1,000 Jews in Shepetivka (Khmelnytskyi region). In Ozaryntsi (Vinnytsia region), another 28 Jews were killed. In Vinnytsia, the Security Police shot 146 Jews; in Berdychiv — 148 Jews; in Lviv — about 1,500 Jews, mostly intellectuals. In the village of Velyki Kuchury (Chernivtsi region), 21 Jews were killed. The killings of Jews continued in the village of Zhabokrych. The Romanian Gendarmerie drove about 20,000 Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina to Yampil, Mohyliv-Podilskyi, and Kozliv (Vinnytsia region). The Jewish Council in Lviv received an order to pay a contribution of 20 million zlotys by August 1.
1942 — (14th of Av, 5702) Shoah. Mass shooting of Jews from the Minsk Ghetto — 10,000 people.
1942 — (14th of Av, 5702) Young members of the Warsaw Ghetto establish Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ZOB; Jewish Fighting Organization). At this time, the only weapon in the ghetto is a single pistol
1943 — (25th of Tammuz, 5703) Jan Karski, the Polish officer who risked his life to bring first reports of the conditions facing the Jews of Europe, ….. including the mass murders and concentration camps met with President Roosevelt for an hour in the Oval Office. British Foreign Minister had not shown any interest in his report and Prime Minister Churchill was “too busy” to see him. Before meeting with Roosevelt, Karski had met with Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter who said, “I am unable to believe you.´ Karski began by describing the activities of the Polish underground. The president listened with fascination, asked questions and offered unsolicited advice, some of it a bit eccentric — such as his idea of putting skis on small airplanes to fly underground messengers between England and Poland during the winter. But when Karski related details of the mass killings of the Jews, Roosevelt had nothing to say. The president was, as Karski politely put it, «rather noncommittal.»
1948 — (21st of Tammuz, 5708) War of Independence. A three-day operation to break the siege of the Negev. It ended unsuccessfully.
1961 — (15th of Av, 5721) Shoah. As a result of excavations officially begun two days earlier on the grounds of the Auschwitz camp, a rusted German soldier’s mess tin was found. Inside were tightly packed and stuck-together sheets of paper — notes by E. Hirschberg from the Łódź Ghetto.
1962 — (26th of Tammuz, 5722) Shoah. A manuscript by Zalman Leventhal, a witness to camp life, was found in Auschwitz (a second was found on October 17).
1984 — (28th of Tammuz, 5744) An agreement was signed with Syria, under which three captured IDF soldiers — Gil Fogel, Ariel Lieberman, and Yonatan Shalom — along with three civilians and the bodies of five fallen soldiers, returned to Israel. In exchange, Israel handed over to Syria 291 Syrian soldiers, 13 civilians, and the bodies of 74 fallen Syrian servicemen.
1990 — (6th of Av, 5750) Terrorist attack. A bomb exploded on a beach in Tel Aviv — 1 person killed, 18 wounded.
1998 — (5th of Av, 5758) The Knesset passed a law introducing the mandatory use of the Jewish calendar.
2006 — (3rd of Av, 5766) A Pakistani-American man carried out an armed attack at the Jewish Federation building in Seattle. A 59-year-old woman was killed. The terrorist stated that he was a Muslim and that the shooting at the Jewish center was his revenge against Israel.
2010 — (17th of Av, 5770) Arabs threw stones at a bus near the Nofim settlement. No people were injured, but the bus was damaged. The Nofim settlement was established in 1986. It is located in Samaria
People
1864 — (24th of Tammuz, 5624) Eliyahu Ze’ev Levin Epstein was born in Poland — Israeli public figure. He died on July 18, 1932.
1874 — Ernst Cassirer was born — German philosopher. He died on April 13, 1945.
1884 — Kurt Landauer was born — German football functionary, president of FC Bayern Munich, who held this position the longest. He died on December 21, 1961.
1885 — (16th of Av, 5645) Sir Moses Montefiore, one of the most famous and influential Jew of the 19th century passed away in the 101st year of his long and fruitful life
1900 — V. Schneiderov was born — film director. He died on January 4, 1973.
1902 — Sir Karl Raimund Popper was born — English philosopher. He died on September 17, 1994.
1925 — Baruch Samuel Blumberg was born — American scientist in the fields of medicine, biochemistry, and genetics. He died on April 5, 2011.
1934 — I. Averbakh was born — film director. He died on January 11, 1986.
1934 — A. Kolker was born — composer. He died on August 1, 2003.
1947 — (11th of Av, 5707) Amira Dotan was born in Tel Aviv — Brigadier General of the IDF Women’s Corps
1964 — (19th of Tammuz, 5724) Yad Vashem decided to recognize Reverend Hermann Maas as one of the Righteous Among the Nations
2024 — (22nd of Tammuz, 5784) 21-year-old Sergeant Yonatan Aharon Greenblatt died in the hospital from wounds sustained on July 20, 2024, during fighting in the southern Gaza Strip